The present paper provides an overview of the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Kazakhstan and focuses in more detail on two major cities, Astana, the new capital and Almaty, the former capital of the country.

Construction of up to 7 plants in Nur Sultan, Almaty, Shymkent, Karaganda, Taraz and Aktobe for municipal solid wastes (MSW) incineration with the electricity generation

In the ligth of the new economic paradigm, in 2020 the ministry of ecology, geology and natural resources of the republic of kazakhstan raised the problem of solid domestic waste recycling. According to the concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a "green economy", in Kazakhstan this indicator should b e brought to 40% by 2030. According to the ministry, only 14% is ecycled today. The industry is not attractive for Investors due to low tariffs: Today, tariffs for garbage collectin in Kazakhstan are low and do not take into account hte costs of solid domestic waste recycling.

A delegation of 19 people from Kazakhstan came to Munich in June 2018 to learn about WtERT Germany and to see the biowaste fermentation plant in Warngau.

The meme for carbon markets in 2013 is the increased utilisation of domestic emissions trading as a primary policy tool across a broad spectrum of UNFCCC Parties. Previous issues of the CCLR have addressed developments in China, South Korea, Japan and other jurisdictions. In this issue of “In the Market”, we will briefly review how Kazakhstan is implementing its emissions trading scheme and the implications of this scheme for the wider region. This article is based on a Workshop sponsored by the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development held in Astana on 20 June 2013, at which both the authors were present.

The results of long-term field studies in the Bryansk region of Russia affected by the Chernobyl accident, and in the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan are discussed. Findings obtained clearly indicate that chronic low dose exposure appears to be an ecological factor creating preconditions for possible changes in the genetic structure of a population. Plant populations growing in areas with relatively low levels of pollution are characterized by the increased level of both cytogenetic disturbances and genetic diversity. Under conditions of chronic exposure in pine tree populations were developed seed descendants with significantly lower reproductive ability than in the reference population.

The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) under the United Framework Convention on Climate Change concluded in June that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Protocol (CMP) in December should “determine the necessity of simplifying existing procedures for inscribing commitments for Annex I Parties in Annex B to the Protocol and “take appropriate action. This conclusion recalls the ongoing problem that the procedures for joining Annex I of the Convention and Annex B of the Protocol are very timeconsuming and in practice prevent Parties from joining the respective annexes, which this paper illustrates by means of presenting the cases of Kazakhstan, Turkey, Belarus, and other countries. In the negotiating history of the Protocol, as well as in provisions from other regimes, examples of more accessible procedures can be found. They might be used to simplify the current procedures under the Protocol.

The situation of waste management in Central Asia (i.e. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan) is predominantly characterised by poor landfill practices, resourceintensive production and very limited resources of arable soil and water. Population density is relatively high, particularly in the southern region of Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). The average density of population in the Fergana Valley for instance is 100 persons per square kilometre whereas in the Uzbek part of the valley the density reaches up to 300 people per sq. km. In addition, most of the industrial and mining activities are located in these regions where one could also find the main groundwater resources and the majority of landfill sites.

Since its independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has faced unprecedented environmental problems inherited from its Soviet past. At that time, many citizens for the first time began to recognize the environmental threats arising from living in the vast areas actively used for nuclear weapon testing, open-pit uranium mining, and other activities with significant impacts on the environment and human health.

The basic concept for transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Green Economy was officially approved, and it promotes an economic growth based on the high energy efficiency, development of renewable energy technology and sets forth the sector-based objectives for the transition to Green Economy.

China Railway 20th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Railway Construction Corporation, signed a feasibility study agreement and an EPC contract of intent for the 6 waste incineration power plant projects in Kazakhstan with the Kazakhstan Waste 2 Energy Company.