Removal and Complete Technical Destruction of PFAS on Activated Carbon

Mobile activated carbon systems combined with industrial-scale reactivation offer a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally sound solution for PFAS removal and destruction

by Dirk Reichert, Lowie Bolle and Tobias Carstens

PFAS adsorption from the gas phase involves complex interactions at both molecular and process levels. PFAS molecules vary in chain length, polarity, and volatility, influenci- ng their behavior during adsorption. Short-chain PFAS are more volatile and common in gas streams but harder to adsorb due to their polarity. Long-chain PFAS typically lead to higher adsorption capacities on the activated carbon. Activated carbon properties (pore size distribution, surface polarity, acidity) play a crucial role in optimising adsorption. Moisture and aerosols in the gas stream further affect adsorption dynamics. For PFAS analysis, these characteristics also impact sampling and measurement.

To ensure effective PFAS capture, longer empty bed contact times are required, typically over five seconds, due to the low PFAS concentrations and slow mass transfer. In practice, this means larger filter volumes or filters operated in series. Case studies illustrate successful applications: one chemical manufacturer treated 2.000 m3/h of air with low PFAS concentrations using a 3 m3 Aircon 3.000PE filter, achieving PFAS levels below quantification limit at a cost of approximately 1 Euro per 1.000 m3. Another fluoropolymer producer treated 10.000 m3/h production exhaust containing GenX and other PFAS using two Aircon V-XL filters in series, also achieving high removal efficiency at similar cost.

Once PFAS are adsorbed onto activated carbon, the spent carbon is thermally reactivated at 850 °C whereby PFAS oxidise and mineralise into CO2, HF, SO, etc. The destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) is calculated based on mass flow and concentration data from various points in the industrial system. In the study, a DRE of over 99.97% was achieved. No HF was detected in the stack emissions, but fluoride was found in the scrubber water, indicating successful mineralisation. A fluorine mass balance confirmed 96% closure, validating the effectiveness of the process and measurement methodology.

In conclusion, mobile activated carbon systems combined with industrial-scale reactivation offer a robust, cost-effective, and environmentally sound solution for PFAS removal and destruction. This approach aligns with emerging regulatory requirements and pro- vides a scalable method for managing PFAS emissions across various industrial sectors.

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published: Abfallwirtschaft und Energie Band 3, TK Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1|2026
Keywords: Pollution Control, Sustainability, Climate, Resource management, Plastics, Germany